I have conducted extensive independent multi-sited fieldwork in war-torn, crisis-affected and otherwise fragile settings. The interviewees included ex-combatants, military and police officials,  leaders of ethnic groups, refugees, internally displaced people, community leaders, non-governmental organisation staff, representatives of international organisations, government officials and academics. The main field sites include rural and urban areas in the following regions:

Colombia:

• Nariño
• Putumayo
• Arauca
• Norte de Santander
• Cesar
• La Guajira
• Bogotá
• Soacha

Ecuador:

• Esmeraldas
• Carchi
• Sucumbíos
• Quito

Venezuela:

• Apure
• Táchira
• Zulia
• Caracas

Myanmar:

• Kachin State
• Karen State
• Northern Shan State
• Mon State
• Yangon

Somalia:

• in Nairobi, with Somali diaspora and others